A domain name registry, also called Network Information Centre (NIC), is part
of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet which converts domain names to
IP addresses. It is an organization that manages the registration of Domain
names within the top-level domains for which it is responsible, controls the
policies of domain name allocation, and technically operates its top-level
domain. It is potentially distinct from a domain name registrar.
Domain names are managed under a hierarchy headed by the Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority (IANA), which manages the top of the DNS tree by
administrating the data in the root nameservers.
IANA also operates the .int registry for intergovernmental organisations, the .arpa
zone for protocol administration purposes, and other critical zones such as
root-servers.net.
IANA delegates all other domain name authority to other domain name registries
such as VeriSign.
Country code top-level domains (ccTLD) are delegated by IANA to national
registries such as DENIC in Germany, or Nominet in the United Kingdom.
Operation
Some name registries are government departments (e.g., the registry for the
Vatican www.nic.va ). Some are co-operatives of internet service providers (such
as DENIC) or not-for profit companies (such as Nominet UK). Others operate as
commercial organizations, such as the US registry (www.nic.us).
The allocated and assigned domain names are made available by registries by use
of the Whois system and via their Domain name servers.
Some registries sell the names directly (like SWITCH in Switzerland) and others
rely on separate entites to sell them. For example, names in the .com TLD is in
some sense sold "wholesale" at a regulated price by VeriSign, and individual
domain name registrar sell names "retail" to businesses and consumers.
Policies
Allocation policies
Generally, domain name registries operate a first-come-first-served system of
allocation but may reject the allocation of specific domains on the basis of
political, religious, historical, legal or cultural reasons.
For example, in the United States, between 1996 and 1998, InterNIC automatically
rejected domain name applications based on a list of perceived obscenities.
Registries may also control matters of interest to their local communities: for
example, the German, Japanese and Polish registries have introduced
internationalized domain names to allow use of local non-ASCII characters.
Dispute policies
Domains which are registered with ICANN registrars, generally have to use the
Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP), however, DENIC requires
people to use the German civil courts, and Nominet UK deals with Intellectual
Property and other disputes through its own dispute resolution service.
Cost of registration
The cost of domain registration is set by each individual registry.
Second-level domains
Domain name registries may also impose a system of second-level domains on
users. DENIC, the registry for Germany (.de), does not impose second level
domains. AFNIC, the registry for France (.fr), has some second level domains,
but not all registrants have to use them, and Nominet UK, the registry for the
United Kingdom (.uk), requires all names to have a second level domain.
Registrants of second-level domains sometimes act as a registry by offering
sub-registrations to their registration. For example, registrations to .fami.ly
are offered by the registrant of fami.ly and not by GPTC, the registry for Libya
(.ly).
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RuneScape takes place in the fantasy-themed realm of Gielinor, which is divided
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Contact Information
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